Fitodepuración - Revision history

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	intro		intro

			http://www.waterrenewaltech.com/faq.php

	'''Green Chemistry for Green Treatment Technologies'''		'''Green Chemistry for Green Treatment Technologies'''

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	course many varieties. R. gymnocarpa (Dwarf rose)		course many varieties. R. gymnocarpa (Dwarf rose)
	and R. nutkana (Nootka rose) are two Washington		and R. nutkana (Nootka rose) are two Washington
	natives.TREES, SHRUBS		natives.
	and ~~VINES~~
	S PECIES /C OMMON N AME		TREES, SHRUBS and VINESS PECIES /C OMMON N AME


	Salix spp.		Salix spp.
	Willow C ONTAMINANT		Willow C ONTAMINANT
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	Phytoextraction/		Phytoextraction/
	Hyperaccumulation		Hyperaccumulation


	C OMMENTS		C OMMENTS
	Deciduous trees or shrubs needing plenty of water. S.		Deciduous trees or shrubs needing plenty of water. S.
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	S. scouleriana (Scouler’s willow) (Institute of Env.		S. scouleriana (Scouler’s willow) (Institute of Env.
	Research & Ed., 2003).		Research & Ed., 2003).

	Perennial fl owering plants with many varieties.		Perennial fl owering plants with many varieties.
	Hybanthus fl oribundus (Shrub violet) from Australia,		Hybanthus fl oribundus (Shrub violet) from Australia,
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	Phytoremediation Study Sampling and Analysis Strategy (DRAFT). (Available from the IERE, P.O. Box		Phytoremediation Study Sampling and Analysis Strategy (DRAFT). (Available from the IERE, P.O. Box
	2449, Vashon, WA 98070-2449.)		2449, Vashon, WA 98070-2449.)


	Appendix 6: Phytoremediation Plant List •		Appendix 6: Phytoremediation Plant List •
	213Khadka, U., Vonshak, A., Dudai, N., Golan-Goldhirsh, A. (2003). Response of Allium schoenoprasum to		213Khadka, U., Vonshak, A., Dudai, N., Golan-Goldhirsh, A. (2003). Response of Allium schoenoprasum to

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 .5 Perspectives
-Phytoremediation has received considerable attention from researchers and is
+'''Phytoremediation''' has received considerable attention from researchers and is
 widely viewed as a green technology for the remediation of polluted environments,
 but it is not yet exploited as a commercial platform technology. However, the
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 [[File:Example.jpg]]
 Sampling of Plant Species Studied

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-Appendix 6
+.5 Perspectives
 Sampling of Plant Species Studied
 for Phytoremediation

Pin: Created page with "Appendix 6 Sampling of Plant Species Studied for Phytoremediation The following is a sampling of plant species that have been studied for phytoremediation. Some plants on this..."

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Created page with "Appendix 6 Sampling of Plant Species Studied for Phytoremediation The following is a sampling of plant species that have been studied for phytoremediation. Some plants on this..."

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Appendix 6
Sampling of Plant Species Studied
for Phytoremediation
The following is a sampling of plant species that have been studied for phytoremediation. Some plants on
this list may not be well suited for growing conditions in Puget Sound. A number of plants with identifi ed
phytoremediative abilities have not been included on this list because they are an invasive or potentially
invasive weed in Washington state. These plants include such species as:
Amorpha fruticosa (Indigo bush) Accumulates lead
Azolla pinnata (Water velvet) Biosorbs metals
Bacopa monnieri (Water hyssop) Accumulates metals
Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrilla) Hyperaccumulates metals
Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot feather) Transforms and degrades a variety of contaminants
Phragmites australis (Common reed) Used in reed bed treatment systems (native
genotypes do exist that are not considered invasive)
Related native species may not react to contaminants in the same manner as those specifi ed. Different
cultivars of the same species and various species of the same genus may differ in reactions and responses to
climatic factors (McCutcheon, 2003).
GRASSES/LEGUMES
C ONTAMINANT P ROCESS C OMMENTS
Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Metals Hyperaccumulation Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Buchloe dactyloides
Buffalo grass Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation/
Accumulation Cerastium arvense
Field chickweed Cadmium Uptake/
Accumulation Claytonia perfoliata
Miner’s lettuce Cadmium Uptake/
Accumulation Cynodon dactylon
Bermuda grass Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation/
Accumulation Perennial grass used in pastures/lawns; shown in studies
to enhance degradation of TPH and PAHs in soils
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
Perennial A. castellana has been shown to accumulate As,
Pb, Zn, Mn and Al.
Used for low-water use lawn and pasture grass. Has shown
promise in grass mixes to enhance degradation of PAHs in
soils (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
Perennial grass; low maintenance, drought tolerant lawn
requiring little/no mowing. In studies has been shown to
reduce TPH and PAHs in soil (McCutcheon & Schnoor,
2003).
Tufted perennial, white fl owers. A Northwest (NW)
native, a recent study on Vashon Island indicated uptake
of cadmium (Institute for Environmental Research and
Education, 2003). Additional chickweed varieties found in
the NW include C. beringianum (Bering chickweed) and C.
fi scherianum (Fisher’s chickweed).
A somewhat succulent annual with white or pink fl owers.
Also known as Montia perfoliata. A smaller attractive
variety is Montia spathulata. A recent study on Vashon
Island indicated uptake and accumulation of cadmium
(Institute for Environmental Research and Education, 2003).
Lawn grass; minimum maintenance but needs mowing and
can be invasive. In studies where mixed with other grasses,
it has reduced TPH and PAHs in soils (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003).
S PECIES /C OMMON N AME
Agropyron smithii
Western wheat grass
Agrostis castellana
Colonial bentgrass
Bouteloua gracilis
Blue gamma grass
209GRASSES/LEGUMES
S PECIES /C OMMON N AME
Elymus Canadensis
Canadian wild rye C ONTAMINANT P ROCESS C OMMENTS
Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation/
Accumulation Festuca arundinacea
Tall fescue Pyrene,
PAHs Rhizodegradation/
Phytoextraction Festuca rubra
Red fescue Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Lolium perenne
English ryegrass Hydrocarbons/
Nutrients Rhizodegradation/
Uptake Lupinus albus
White lupin Arsenic Rhizoaccumulation Lotus corniculatus
Birds-foot trefoil Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation/
Accumulation Melilotus offi cinalis
Yellow sweet clover Hyrdocarbons Rhizodegradation Panicum virgatum
Switch grass Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Stellaria calycantha
Northern starwort Cadmium Uptake/
Accumulation Stenotaphrum secundatum
St. Augustine grass Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Trifolium pratense
Red clover Hydrocarbons Rhizodegradation Trifolium repens
White clover Hydrocarbons
PCBs Rhizodegradation/
Metablolization Vicia spp.
Vetch Nutrients/
Metals Uptake In combination with other grasses, was shown to reduce
PAHs in soils (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003). E. mollis is a
NW native wild rye.
Introduced perennial grass common in the NW; studies
have shown enhanced degradation of recalcitrant PAHs
(McCutcheon, 2003). Also helpful in uptake of nutrients:
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Christensen-Kirsh,
1996).
Perennial grass often used in lawn mixes; Studies
have shown enhanced degradation of TPH and PAHs
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
Perennial grass shown to uptake nutrients and to
signifi cantly enhance degradation of TPH and PAHs in soils
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
A nitrogen fi xing legume capable of growth in acidic soils
with low nutrient availability. A recent study indicated
an ability to take up arsenic, primarily stored in the root
structure (Esteban, Vazquez & Carpena, 2003). A number
of lupine varieties are native to the NW, including: Lupinus
arcticus (Artic lupine), L. littoralis (Seashore lupin), L.
nootkatensis (Nootka lupine), and L. polyphyllus (Large-
leaved lupine).
An introduced European annual herb; when mixed with
grasses was shown to reduce TPH and PAHs in soils
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003). This plant is generally not
recommended for introduction into constructed wetlands of
the Puget Sound region (Azous & Horner, 2001).
Tall, sweet smelling annual; M. alba is more common in
NW region. When mixed with other grasses was shown to
degrade TPH in soils (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003). Also
helpful in uptake of nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium (Christensen-Kirsh, 1996).
Enhances degradation of PAHs in soils (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003). P. occidentale is a species found in the
NW.
Low sprawling perennial. A number of varieties are common
in the NW, including, S. longifolia (Long-leaved starwort)
and S. longipes (Long-stalked starwort). A recent study
on Vashon Island indicated uptake and accumulation
of cadmium (Institute for Environmental Research and
Education, 2003).
Perennial grass often used in lawns; coarse-textured.
Decreases TPH and PAHs in soils (McCutcheon & Schnoor,
2003).
Introduced perennial herb common in the NW. When
mixed with other grasses was shown to degrade TPH in
soils (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
Introduced perennial herb, deep rooting; enhances microbial
activity and degradation of PAHs. Nitrogen fi xer, and PCB
metabolizer.
Perennial herb, takes up nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium); V. faba has been shown to accumulate Al
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
210 • LID Technical Guidance Manual for Puget SoundOTHER FORBES
C ONTAMINANT P ROCESS C OMMENTS
Cadmium Uptake/
Accumulation Allium schoenoprasum
Chives Cadmium Hyperaccumulation Atriplex hortensis
Garden Orach PCBs Metabolism Brassica juncea
Indian mustard metals Rhizofi ltration/
Hyperaccumulation Brassica rapa
Field mustard
Digitalis purpurea
Common Foxglove Cadmium, Zinc Hyperaccumulation Perennial aromatic herb native to the NW. Also known
as A. borealis. A recent study on Vashon Island
indicated uptake and accumulation of cadmium (Institute
for Environmental Research and Education, 2003).
Perennial onion relative. A recent agricultural study in
Israel indicated Cd was accumulated in roots and leaves
(Khadka, Vonshak, Dudai & Golan-Goldhirsh, 2003).
Of the spinach family, Orache is an extremely variable
species; A. patula (Spearscale), A. subspicata and A.
patula common in the NW. Shows promise transforming
PAH and Graden Orach metabolizes PCBs (McCutcheon
& Schnoor).
Various species applicable for removing heavy metals
(Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ur) from soil or water
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003); B. campestris (also
known as B. rapa) and B. camestris are common annual
herb species in the NW.
Known to accumulate metals.
Cadmium Phytoextraction Helianthus annuus
Sunfl ower Metals
PAHs Extraction/
Metabolism
Rhizodegradation Pteris vittata
Brake fern
Senecia glaucus Arsenic Hyperaccumulation Crude Oil Rhizodegradation Solidago hispida
Hairy golden rod Metals Hyperaccumulation Thlaspi caerulescens
Alpine pennycress Cadmium, Zinc,
Nickel Hyperaccumulation
S PECIES /C OMMON N AME
Achillea millefolium
Yarrow
A recent study on Vashon Island indicated uptake
of cadmium; D. lanata (Grecian foxglove) shown to
transform digitoxigenin (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
The common sunfl ower has been the subject of
numerous studies and is used to extract heavy metals
(Pb, Ur, Sr, Cs, Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn). Has shown
promise in degrading PAHs in soil (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003).
P. vittata accumulates arsenic in its above ground shoots
(Caille et al., 2003).
Observed to rhizodegrade crude oil in Kuwait; Senecio
triangularis (Arrow-leaved groundsel), S. pseudoarnica
(Beach groundsel), and S. intergerrimus (Western
groundsel) are among the related perennial herbs in the
NW.
Shown to accumulate Al. Solidago species shows
promise for metabolizing TCE (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003). Related NW species include S.
Canadensis(Canada goldenrod) and S. multiradiata
(Northern goldenrod).
This plant is well recognized for its ability to
hyperaccumulate metals. T. arvense (Field pennycress) is
a common NW annual weed.
Appendix 6: Phytoremediation Plant List •
211TREES, SHRUBS
and VINES
S PECIES /C OMMON N AME
Acer rubrum
Red maple C ONTAMINANT
Leachate P ROCESS
Uptake
Betula pendula
European white birch PAHs
PCBs Phytodegradation
Gleditsia triacanthos
Honey locust Lead Phytoextraction
Ilex spp.
Holly Cadmium Accumulation
Liquidambar styracifl ua
American sweet gum Perchlorate Phytodegradation/
Rhizodegradation
Maclura pomifera
Osage orange PCBs Rhizodegradation
Morus rubra
Mulberry PAHs
PCBs Rhizodegradation
Populus spp.
Poplars Chlorinated solvents,
PAHs, atrazine, DDT,
carbon tetrachloride Phytodegradation/
Phytovolatilization
Phytoextraction
Populus tremula
Aspen Pb Extraction
Rosa spp.
Paul’s scarlet rose Organic
contaminants Phytodegradation
212 • LID Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound
C OMMENTS
Fairly fast growing deciduous trees that have been
utilized to uptake landfi ll leachate along with hybrid
poplars (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003). NW
species include A. macrophyllum (Oregon maple),
A. circinatum (Vine maple), and A. glabrum (Rocky
mountain maple).
Attractive European native, has been shown in
laboratory tests to degrade PAHs and PCBs in solution
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
Common honey locust (many cultivars available) has
shown promise in the extraction and accumulation of
lead (Gawronski, 2003).
Evergreen shrub or tree. Recently shown to take up
and accumulate cadmium (Institute for Environmental
Research and Education, 2003).
A native of the eastern U.S., grows to 60 ft., and
is tolerant of damp soils. Has shown promise for
phytoremediation of perchlorate (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003).
A deciduous tree that can withstand heat, cold,
wind, drought, and poor soil. Roots have been
shown to stimulate PCB-degrading bacteria in the soil
(McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
The mulberry is one of a few trees producing phenolic
compounds stimulating PCB-degrading bacteria,
and thus enhance the degradation of this pollutant.
Mulberry has also been shown in the lab to degrade
PAHs (McCutcheon & Schnoor, 2003).
Deciduous trees known for deep rooting and rapid
growth. The focus of major attention in the fi eld
of phytoremediation, hybrids and clones have been
developed for very fast growth and colonization.
Poplars can absorb nutrients, such as nitrogen,
at a high rate and are used in treatment of land
applications of wastewater (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003). Known to take up and transform
TCE from groundwater (McCutcheon & Schnoor,
2003). Varieties tested include P. deltoids (Eastern
cottonwood), P. trichocarpa (Black cottonwood),
P. simonii (Chinese poplar) and P. nigra (Lombardy
poplar). P. trichocarpa is a NW native.
P. tremula, P. treumloides (Trembling aspen),
and hybrids have shown potential to remediate
contaminated water, either from the soil or water
table, esp. the extraction of lead (McCutcheon &
Schnoor, 2003).
Paul’s scarlet rose is a red, natural climbing rose that
can metabolize tetrachlorinated PCB 77. There are, of
course many varieties. R. gymnocarpa (Dwarf rose)
and R. nutkana (Nootka rose) are two Washington
natives.TREES, SHRUBS
and VINES
S PECIES /C OMMON N AME
Salix spp.
Willow C ONTAMINANT
Perchlorate
Viola spp.
Violets Metals
P ROCESS
Phytodegradation/
Rhizodegradation
Phytoextraction
Phytoextraction/
Hyperaccumulation
C OMMENTS
Deciduous trees or shrubs needing plenty of water. S.
caroliniana (Coastal plain willow) and S. nigra (Black
willow) shown to uptake and degrade percholate
in soils as well as phytoextract metals (Cd, Zn and
Cu). Additional Salix ssp. and hybrids have extracted
metals (Cr, Hg, Se and Zn) (McCutcheon & Schnoor,
2003). Species in the NW include, S. commutata
(Undergreen willow), S. lucida (Pacifi c willow),
and S. sitchensis (Sitka willow). A study on Vashon
Island indicated uptake/accumulation of cadmium by
S. scouleriana (Scouler’s willow) (Institute of Env.
Research & Ed., 2003).
Perennial fl owering plants with many varieties.
Hybanthus fl oribundus (Shrub violet) from Australia,
has been found to accumulate high concentrations of
metals. A study on Vashon Island, WA found violets
growing naturally to have accumulated cadmium
(Institute for Environmental Research and Education,
2003). The many varieties in the NW include: V.
adunca (Early blue violet), V. langsdorfi i (Alaskan
violet), V. palustris (Marsh violet), and V. glabella
(Yellow wood violet).
Sources: Phytoremediation
Adams, E.B. (1992 December). Wetlands: Nature’s Water Purifi ers. Clean Water for Washington. Washington
State University Cooperative Extension and Washington Department of Ecology. EB1723.
Azous, A.L., and Horner, R.R. (Eds.). (2001). Wetlands and Urbanization: Implications for the Future. Boca
Raton, FL : Lewis Publishers.
Bretsch, K. (2003). Remediation of stormwater residuals decant with hydrocotyle ranunculoides. In U.S. EPA
National Conference on Urban Storm Water: Enhancing Programs at the Local Level. Chicago, IL, February
17-20, 2003.
Christensen-Kirsh, K.M. (1996). Phytoremediation and wastewater effl uent disposal: Guidelines for landscape
planners and designers. Master’s Project, Department of Landscape Architecture. University of Oregon.
Crawford, C. (1982). Wetland Plants of King County and Puget Sound Lowlands. King County, WA: King
County Resource Planning Section.
Esteban, E, Vazquez, S and Carpena, R. (2003) White Lupin Response to Arsenate. University of Madrid,
Spain.
In COST Action 837 “Workshop on Phytoremediation of toxic metals.” Stockholm, Sweden, June 12-15, 2003.
Retrieved March 10, 2004 from http://lbewww.epfl .ch/COST837/abstracts_stockholm/posters.pdf
Gawronski, S.W., Raczka, M., & Trampczynska, A. (2003). Ornamental tress and shrubs as phytoremediants.
In COST Action 837 “Workshop on Phytoremediation of toxic metals.” Stockholm, Sweden, June 12-15,
2003. Retrieved March 10, 2004 from http://lbewww.epfl .ch/COST837/abstracts_stockholm/posters.pdf
Hogan, E.L. (ed.). (1990). Sunset Western Garden Book. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Publishing Co.
Institute for Environmental Research and Education (IERE). (2003 January). Vashon Heavy Metal
Phytoremediation Study Sampling and Analysis Strategy (DRAFT). (Available from the IERE, P.O. Box
2449, Vashon, WA 98070-2449.)
Appendix 6: Phytoremediation Plant List •
213Khadka, U., Vonshak, A., Dudai, N., Golan-Goldhirsh, A. (2003). Response of Allium schoenoprasum to
Cadmium in hydroponic growth medium. In COST Action 837 “Workshop on Phytoremediation of toxic metals.”
Stockholm, Sweden, June 12-15, 2003. Retrieved March 10, 2004 from
http://lbewww.epfl .ch/COST837/abstracts_stockholm/posters.pdf
McCutcheon, S.C., & Schnoor, J.L. (Eds.). (2003). Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of
Contaminants. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience, Inc.
Pojar, J., & MacKinnon, A. (1994). Plants of the Pacifi c Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British
Columbia & Alaska. Vancouver, B.C.: Lone Pine Publishing.
Washington Department of Ecology. (2001 June). An Aquatic Plant Identifi cation Manual For Washington’s
Freshwater Plants. Olympia, WA, Author.
Washington State Weed Control Board, Washington State Noxious Weed List, Retrieved June, 2004 from
http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/contents_common.html
Weinmann, F., Boule, M., Brunner, K., Malek, J., & Yoshino, V. (1984). Wetland Plants of the Pacifi c
Northwest. Seattle, WA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District.
214 • LID Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound